Organic Chemistry Study Help

Ah...Organic Chemistry! I finished the first semester of organic chemistry, and am gearing up for round 2 (second semester, not second try at Organic 1, thank goodness!). Organic wasn't as scary as I've heard it described, but, I did have "the fear" going into the course, so I also knew to heed the warnings of students past, and not get behind in studying the material.

The biggest piece of advice I can offer is that you need to really UNDERSTAND the concepts...why does a reaction happen the way it does? What are the rules of attraction for electrons? If you understand these, the reactions come together all by themselves.

I have used several internet sites as study materials, and will list all of those below. While I did not have this particular professor at University of Texas, Professor Iverson was one of the authors of the textbook that we used, and this guy has consistently been rated by his students as being the most awesome professor they've ever had, despite the fact that he teaches one of the most hated subjects in all of academia. The reason why they like him so much is because he is great at teaching a very notoriously difficult subject. Students come away from the class feeling like they understand the material and aren't doing a ton of rote memorization. They all say that they still have to do hard work, but that he teaches in a way that they don't feel like they've been thrown into the deep end of the pool without water wings! So...the biggest resource for studying was Professor Iverson's website for Organic Chemistry 1 (CH310M at University of Texas).

Professor Iverson's Web Page:

http://iverson.cm.utexas.edu/courses/310M/Index.html

Some of the most helpful documents on Professor Iverson's site are his old example tests, homework assignments, and practice reaction sheets. Also, one of the things that was stressed in our classes was being able to construct a "roadmap" of reactions...knowing how to convert a molecule to any other molecule that we studied though various reaction types. Here is a template of one that we used in our classes...it's setup like a literal roadmap of the I-35 corridor in Texas since that's something most of us in Texas are familiar with, and the names of cities that are included provide some cues to help remember the structure. It's only partially filled in.

http://iverson.cm.utexas.edu/courses/310M/GIFssp04/Roadmaps/Roadmap610AI35.gif

Some other example roadmaps that I found online with all of the reactions filled in look like this:

http://www.chemistry.ccsu.edu/glagovich/teaching/311/content/o1rxn.html

http://www.chem.memphis.edu/parrill/EMOC/roadmap/index.html

IUPAC Nomenclature is one of the most basic elements to Organic Chemistry. You have to be able to know how to identify and construct molecules. Luckily, the convention for naming molecules is pretty systematic. Of course, it requires practice to get the hang of it, but once you've got that down, it starts to become second nature.

Some good sites are:

This one has everything, but it is more technical in nature:

http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/class/

I like this one because I think it's really great for beginners who are just getting into Organic molecules:

http://www2.chemistry.msu.edu:80/faculty/reusch/VirtTxtJml/nomen1.htm

This is a pretty awesome little molecule naming application. You draw out your molecule in the java applet, and then the site will take the molecule you have drawn and generate the appropriate IUPAC name. Pretty nice for checking your answers. I'd stress, though, that you want to use this to check your answers after you've given your best shot at doing the work first. Practice is the most important element to doing well in this class.

http://old.iupac.org/nomenclature/ACD/calc_3dparty.html

So...that's some good info to get you started! Understand all of these things, and you are well on your way to doing well in organic chemistry!

Things are about to get a little crazy…

That’s because I’m taking Organic Chemistry this semester. 

I haven’t updated in quite some time, and that’s because I’ve had my head down and studying LIKE A MADWOMAN for the past 8 months.  I finished General Chemistry 1 and 2, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Genetics, US History 2 (I know…huh??), and even a bit of calculus.  But, even that will pale in comparison to the mother of all science classes…the dreaded O-Chem.  I had to enroll at UT (aw…shucks! \m/ ) this semester because ACC did not have an evening class available.  And WHAT A DEAL this is turning out to be.  My professor is a newly-minted PhD, but has taught the class several times over as a grad student, she runs the same type of course outline as the professor who wrote our text…who also teaches at UT and has a huge website of information available, and there are a total of 16 of us in the class…as opposed to the section she teaches during the day with…wait for it…400 STUDENTS!!  WOW!! Did I mention that I’ve read more positive reviews about organic chemistry classes that this UT professor teaches than I’ve EVER READ?  I don’t think I’ve ever heard anyone actually say they liked it.  Not the case here, apparently!  What a relief!!

I feel like I’ve really lucked out over the last few semesters, both at ACC and now at UT.  I’ve had some really outstanding professors who are able to devote a lot of time to smaller groups of students, and I’ve probably learned more than a lot of the kids in the 400 student classes.  Not to say that it’s not possible to learn the material in a class with that many other students, but I’ve been there before, and it’s so much easier to have a meaningful discussion about course material when you aren’t scared to death of embarrassing yourself in front of 400 of your closest friends.  For that matter, it’s so much easier to have a discussion when your professor can actually spot you in the classroom when you are raising your hand and you’re not in a sea of faces. 

Two of my classes (Cellular and Molecular Biology, and now, Organic Chemistry) were / are taught by UT faculty who were/are teaching the SAME EXACT MATERIAL to me that they were / are teaching to their mega-sections.  With the Cell Bio class, the professor has consistently been voted Professor of the Year by UT students…even when they WERE in the 400 student classes.  And I had him at ACC (he enjoys teaching so much, he picks up a weekend bio class there to help out the school), paid a 1/3 of the price, and got to pick his brain until I couldn’t think of anything else to ask him!  Awesome!!  And, another excellent class that I just loved at ACC was my Anatomy Class, which I took last fall.  That was my first biology class in 15 years (and I had been in the mega-section classes back then), and I just kept thinking to myself, “where has this class BEEN all my life?!??”  This was one where I had an online professor who was very dedicated to helping us any way that she could, was very responsive to questions and email, and despite the lecture portion of the class being distance, it was easy to see that she had a passion for the subject matter, and also, seeing her students do well.  Our lab was just as awesome.  We had a second professor who taught that lab, who actually went to med school prior to becoming a college professor.  Boy, did I have fun with her!!  She was such a great resource of information on everything from anatomy to medical school admissions.  There were several times where she stayed more than an hour after our class period was over (and this was already a 4 hour class!!), and would answer anything I could think of…”How did you study for the MCAT?” “What are my chances of acceptance?” “What was the best thing about medical school?” “How do the nerves reconnect to a transplanted artery after coronary bypass surgery?” “Let’s talk about epipheseal plates…” “Did you hear that the guy whose life is the basis for the character in ‘Rain Man’  had no corpus callosum, and they think that could be why he could remember everything that he did?!??”  Yep…this is how my brain works and what I think about, and no matter what I threw at her, she was more than willing to answer my questions as best she could.

So…it has been a little crazy.  And it IS going to get a little more crazy with Organic Chemistry.  But, I feel like I’ve got all the tools and support in place due to great professors. I’ll do well well in the class as long as I put in the effort.  I’m not sure if I’ll be able to post much this semester, but if something interesting comes up, and I come up for air from my textbooks long enough to write a quick note about it, I definitely will.  :)

Until then…  ;)

Balance Your Chemical Equations!!

 

http://www.webqc.org/balance.php

CHEM 1311

 

Alrighty…  Time to dive right in with some awesome websites that will help with information on the first two chapters we will be tested on…

First, a few really great online calculators to help check your homework when converting back and forth between different units of measure in the decimal system.  I recommend just using these to check your answers so that you are working the problems the correct way…after all, we won’t have these for help on the exams…  :(

http://www.worldwidemetric.com/metcal.htm

http://www.unit-conversion.info/metric.html

 

Next, I’ve got an EXCELLENT site on converting to numbers to Scientific Notation.  This site explains the rules for addition/subtraction and multiplication and division, AND (this is the best part!) offers an interactive quiz for you to practice.  30 minutes with this site, and you’re golden.

http://janus.astro.umd.edu/astro/scinote/help.html

And…the moment you’ve all been waiting for…a calculator to check your answers for Polyatomic Nomenclature conversions!!!  YES!!  Courtesy of UNC – Chapel Hill, you can put together all kinds of combinations.  Plus, there’s a plethora of other great chemistry information and tutorials here.  Basically a JACKPOT!!  :)

http://www.shodor.org/unchem/basic/nomen/polycalc.html

 

Between these 4 sites, I think just about everything we could possibly be asked on the exam is covered in some form or another.  But, later this week, I’ll post all my notes that I’ve taken from the book on Chapters 1 and 2.  Look for those probably sometime on Saturday.

 

Happy Studying!

-L

Officially Changed My Major…I’ve Become Good At That Over The Years

 

Classes start the day after tomorrow…although since it’s 2:15 am right now, I guess I can say that they start tomorrow, instead.  And, in true “LB” fashion, I officially changed my major tonight.  Not that it’s really different from what I had discussed with anyone last semester…  I started off by declaring a Nursing major.  But, I decided midway through the Anatomy class that I wanted to go completely crazy (yes, I need to have my head examined!) and apply to Medical School.  And, tonight, I found out the Austin Community College offers a Pre-Medical Associate Degree.  It has all the classes I need as prerequisites to apply to medical school, plus a few extra liberal arts electives that I would need to fulfill if I decided to pull the plug on spending the rest of my life in medical school and get my BSN at University of Texas, instead.  And, I figure, hey…if I’m doing all this work, anyway, shouldn’t I get some kind of a nice diploma out of the deal?  I say, “YES!”  :)  Anyway, I’ve got several of the electives finished, and anything that is not directly related to the medical school requirements, I will wait until after I’ve taken the MCAT and applied to schools to complete.  As I was thinking about it before, I realized that I would be sitting around doing absolutely nothing for about a year once I complete the hardcore prerequisites, anyway, so the extra classes will give me something to do while I wait to find out if anyone will take me (PLEASE!  SOMEONE TAKE ME!!), and will also get me prepared to transfer into UT if they decide not to take me.  Either way, I think it’s a good, solid plan, and I feel very at peace with it.

So…on-tap for this semester is my heaviest course load yet.  I’m taking 11 hours while working full time (yes…I’m on crack).  The good news is that the text for my Cellular and Molecular Biology class is the same one that we used for AP Biology when I was in high school…only this sucker is 5 editions NEWER!!  Wow…I feel very old.  Anyway, my point, here, is that the material will be more of a review, so I’m very glad for that.  I’m also taking General Chemistry 1.  I took this class at University of Colorado, but it was about 15 years ago, and I barely remember a thing.  So…this will be review as well.  AWESOME!  And, finally, there will be US History II.  This is one of those elective classes that will be required for the UT BSN as well as the Pre-Med AD.  And because I’m taking mostly review stuff this semester, I figured it would be a good time to max out my course load…  I take that back…  I don’t think any time is a “good” time to max out my course load, but if it has to be done, this would be the time for it.  After this semester, there really won’t be any more “eeek” room until after I take the MCAT and start applying to schools at the end of NEXT Spring semester. 

Anyway, here’s wishing everyone a great semester with good professors and easy tests!!  A girl can dream, right?!???  ;)

It’s the moment of Truth…

Last night for studying, kids…  One last practical to take, and this semester is in the books.  I think I probably need a 30 out of 40 to keep an A in the class.  This is a guess, though, since I don’t know what I got on the last exam.  I don’t think the last exam was as air-tight as I’ve been on previous ones…  I wrote 11 pages for the essays, and that wasn’t counting the extra credit diagram.  But, I kept thinking of things I could have added once I left.  Of course, after literally THREE HOURS of non-stop writing, I HAD TO finish.  I really needed to go to the “little girls’ room” at the end of hour 2, but since I was nowhere near finished and they won’t let you leave, I had to stick it out for as long as all those little sphincters would let me (haha…I’m hilarious…or just sharing TMI…but it’s true, and THAT, my friends, is EXAM MATERIAL you can take to the bank!!).

Anyway, good luck to everyone with your studying tonight.  I think that my last post had a link to just about everything, and if not, it was pretty darn close.  It’s been a GREAT semester, and despite all the long nights and stress from cramming all this good information into my head, I really enjoyed it and had fun meeting all of you!  I will be keeping this blog around for my future classes since it seems to have been a pretty decent study tool.  So…if we have more classes together, keep this page bookmarked!  And if we don’t have more classes together and you just want to see me get my mind MELDED when I take O-Chem in the fall, stick around for that, too!  It’s going to be GOOD TIMES!!  Next up, though: Cellular Biology and General Chemistry 1.  I had chem 1 and some cell bio in college, but good lord, that was almost 15 years ago that I took those classes, and I can barely remember a darn thing!!  (I can’t believe I just put that number in PRINT!) 

So, good luck in your future studies, and hopefully, I’ll be seein’ ya somewhere again in the future!!  :)

-L

A Little Help For the Last Practical! WoooHooo!! :)

Found a great website thanks to my alma mater... Wish I'd found this earlier in the year... It's actually pretty good. This will give you a set of links to models for the urinary system and the reproductive system (male and female):

Go Buffs!
http://www.colorado.edu/intphys/iphy3415/models/

Histology:
http://www.kumc.edu/instruction/medicine/anatomy/histoweb/

Digestive Lab

Digestive Models:
http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/bioL/ap2model/digestive.htm


Digestive Slides:

Salivary Glands:
http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/bioL/digestive/salivary.htm
http://www.austincc.edu/histologyhelp/organs/op_salivary.html

Esophagus Slides:
http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/bioL/digestive/esophagu.htm
http://www.austincc.edu/histologyhelp/organs/oq_esophagus.html

Stomach Slides:
http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/bioL/digestive/stomach2.htm
http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/bioL/digestive/stomach.htm
http://www.austincc.edu/histologyhelp/organs/or_stomach.html

Small Intestine:

Duodenum : http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/bioL/digestive/smintest.htm
Duodenum: http://www.austincc.edu/histologyhelp/organs/os_duodenum.html
Jujunum: http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/bioL/digestive/jejunum.htm
Ilium: http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/bioL/digestive/ileum.htm
Ilium: http://www.austincc.edu/histologyhelp/organs/ot_ileum.html

Pancreas: http://district.bluegrass.kctcs.edu/shirley.whitescarver/BIO139Lab/BIO139/139Lab12/Lab12EndocrineSlides.html (scroll to the bottom of the page)

Liver:
http://www.austincc.edu/histologyhelp/organs/ov_liver.html
http://www.kumc.edu/instruction/medicine/anatomy/histoweb/gitract/gitract.htm



Urinary System Lab:

Kidney: http://www.austincc.edu/histologyhelp/organs/ow_kidney.html
Kidney - Nephron: http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/bioL/urinary/nephron.htm

Bladder Slides:
http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/bioL/urinary/bladder3.htm
http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/bioL/urinary/bladder.htm

Kideny Model:
http://www.colorado.edu/intphys/iphy3415/models/kidney.html

Reproductive Systems Lab:

Testis Slide: http://www.austincc.edu/histologyhelp/organs/oy_testis.html
Penis Crossection: http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/bioL/reproductive/penis.htm


Male Reproductive Models:
http://www.colorado.edu/intphys/iphy3415/models/repro_male.html
http://www.colorado.edu/intphys/iphy3415/models/male_2005.html

Female Reproductive Models:
http://www.colorado.edu/intphys/iphy3415/models/repro_female.html
http://www.colorado.edu/intphys/iphy3415/models/female_2005.html

Flash Cards for Unit 4 Exam

Hey All-

Hope you have all had a great Thanksgiving. I'm putting together a deck of flashcards on quizlet.com for the last 4 chapters of material (I'll be using them as my 4th take-home assignment). But, I'll be posting links to the different chapters as I finish. For the Digestive System Chapter (Chapter 22), here is the first link:

Digestion
or the full URL is http://quizlet.com/1490330/digestion-flash-cards/

I am still adding to these, obviously, but I've got the minimum 20 cards required for full credit on the assignment as of now, which is why I'm posting. Be sure to check back as I continue to update the material and add more chapters tomorrow and throughout the week!

Happy Studying!! :)

-L

Excellent Websites for Studying for the Practical

I'm missing some areas in here (the human brain model, the sheep brain, brain slides, human eye, cow eye, retina slide, human ear, cochlear cross-section cochlear slide, olfactory epithelium slide, and tongue slide), but I have SEEN most of these on the web in my search for other things, and I will be working on this tomorrow, and updating this post throughout the day. :)

-L

I decided to Ask Google how to study for Practical #3, and wouldn't you know...Google has a PhD in Anatomy! Below, I've got a list of EXCELLENT websites to help study for each of the different labs, section by section. Good stuff!! :) And, what's really awesome, is that a lot of the sites have everything labeled and give some explanation into what you are looking at. Happy Studying!

Complete JACKPOT:

http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/aplab/Table_of_Contents/table_of_contents.html

First I found a single page with a good slide of a motor neuron. But, when I looked at the URL, I realized there was a whole INDEX of pages that are designed for students in the 2304 class to help with histology. Wish I'd found this sucker when we did the big histology practical! BOO!

Anyhow, the main page is:

http://www.austincc.edu/histologyhelp/

Then from there, you can navigate to tissues:

http://www.austincc.edu/histologyhelp/tissues/index.html

and then organs, which is where you will find our endocrine slides:

http://www.austincc.edu/histologyhelp/organs/index.html

And an awesome, all-purpose neurology jagon website:

http://mindsci-clinic.com/neuro_jargon.htm



Nervous System Lab

Neuron Model:
Cell body, nucleus, chromatophilic bodies, dendrite, telodendria, axon, axon terminal, axon hillock, synapse, Schwann cells, myelin sheath, & nodes of Ranvier

http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/aplab/Table_of_Contents/Lab_06/Neuron_Model_1/neuron_model_1.html

http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/aplab/Table_of_Contents/Lab_06/Neuron_Model_1/Neuron_Model_1a/neuron_model_1a.html

http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/bioL/ap1model/labeled/neuron.jpg

Motor Neuron Slide:

Cell body, cellular processes

Hey, hey! What do you know... a site from our school!

http://www.austincc.edu/histologyhelp/tissues/tx_nerv_tis.html

Peripheral Nerve Slide:

Nerve fibers, fascicles, epineurium, perineurium

http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/aplab/Table_of_Contents/Lab_06/Nerve_1/Nerve_1a/nerve_1a.html

http://ect.downstate.edu/courseware/neurohisto_intro/slide8.html


Spinal Cord Models:

Gray horns, (anterior, lateral and posterior), White Columns (Anterior lateral and Posterior), Gray and White Commissures, Anterior medial fissure, Dorsal medial sulcus Meninges (dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater), Subarachnoid space, Dorsal root,Dorsal root gangilion,Ventral root, Epidural space, Rami, (dorsal ramus, ventral ramus, gray ramus communicantes)

Rockin' Spinal Cord Models that allow you to quiz yourself with labeled and non-labeled pictures!
http://classroom.sdmesa.edu/anatomy/ModelPages/spinal_cord.htm

Also, I had trouble finding a model with the White Commissure listed. But, here is a cross section that shows it, and a link to Wikipedia that explains:

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/Fankhauser/Labs/Anatomy_&_Physiology/A&P202/CNS_Histology/Spinal_Cord/sp_cd_jpgs/Spinal_Cord_PC271498_lbd.JPG

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_white_commissure

Had trouble finding the Rami, but this drawing diagrams very well:

http://instruct.uwo.ca/anatomy/530/segm.gif

Also:

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Gray799.svg/250px-Gray799.svg.png&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_ramus_communicans&usg=__qUXCvvpEp5jq-MU-9iTXPLFa0f0=&h=222&w=250&sz=31&hl=en&start=8&sig2=C5MPFfY1uQFQtlrMe7Nwww&um=1&tbnid=9BHh2mc5_tWNJM:&tbnh=99&tbnw=111&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dgray%2Brami%2Bcommunicans%2Bmodel%26hl%3Den%26um%3D1&ei=AFXqSortMMSztgfR-9w_

Spinal Cord Cross Section:

Gray horns (anterior, lateral posterior), white columns (anterior, lateral, posterior), central canal

http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/bioL/ap1model/labeled/spinalcord3.jpg

http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/Aplab/Table_of_Contents/Lab_07/Spinal_Model_1/spinal_model_1.html

http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/Aplab/Table_of_Contents/Lab_07/Spinal_Model_2/spinal_model_2.html


Nerve and Nerve Plexi / Cranial Nerves:

Using appropriate models, be able to identify all 12 pairs of cranial nerves as well as the primary nerves of the cervical plexus, brachial plexus, lumbar plexus, and sacral plexus. Be sure to review the function of each.

http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/bioL/ap1model/labeled/spinalcord.jpg


The secret to remembering these is to know that the are numbered in order from rostral to caudal end, starting with the Olfactory nerve. From there, you can count off the nerves and use the mneumonic "OLd OPie OCcassionally TROmps TRIGonometry And Feels VEry GLOomy, VAGUe And HYPOactive."

http://content.answers.com/main/content/img/oxford/Oxford_Body/019852403x.cranial-nerves.1.jpg

http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f15-24l_cranial_nerves_c.jpg

Quiz yourself on Cranial Nerves!

http://www.dontbeasalmon.net/elearning/term3spotters/docs/qa/CN.html

Sympathetic Efferent Pathway Models:

Paravertebral sympathetic ganglia, Prevertebral sympathetic ganglia

The paravertebral sympathetic ganglia are also known as the sympathetic trunk ganglia or chain ganglia. The prevertebral ganglia are located further away from the sympathetic trunk (more distal?), and are also known in our text as collateral ganglia.


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=neurosci&part=A1391&rendertype=figure&id=A1393


Human Brain Model:

Cerebrum:
Cerebral hemispheres (left and right), transverse fissure, longitudinal fissure, lateral sulcus, central sulcus, parieto-occipital sulcus, precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus, frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, insula, basal nuclei, corpus callosum, septum pellucidum, fornix, cortex, internal capsule, olfactory bulbs, olfactory tracts, optic nerves, optic chiasma, optic tracts, roots of nerves III – XII, lateral ventricles, choroid plexus

http://lh4.ggpht.com/_lRGislJejZ0/SRp7sb6QjHI/AAAAAAAAB8c/xeGXGZP0LUY/image20_thumb4.png?imgmax=800

http://mindsci-clinic.com/cerebral_lobes_and_insula.htm

Quiz yourself on the internal structures:
http://www.dontbeasalmon.net/elearning/term3spotters/docs/qa/index.html

Diencephalon:
Pituitary gland, mammillary bodies, thalamus, massa intermedia, hypothalamus, pineal body, interventricular foramen, third ventricle, choroid plexus, infundibulum

http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f15-15_diencephalon_c.jpg
http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f15-17_hypothalamus_c.jpg

Cerebellum:
Vermis, cortex, arbor vitae

http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f15-22a_cerebellum_mids_c.jpg
http://anatomia.wum.edu.pl/atlas/image_08e.htm

Brain Stem:
Cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle, median lateral aperatures, choroid plexus, midbrain, corpora quadrigemina, superior colliculi, inferior colliculi, cerebral penduncles, pons, middle cerebellar peduncles, pyramids & medulla oblongata

http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f15-20a_pons_longitudin_c.jpg

http://www.clinic-clinic.com/clncl-mdcne/nrsrgry/Dx/CSF%20circulation.htm

Meninges:
Dura mater (periosteal meningeal layer), arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, pia mater, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebri

If you scroll down a bit on this page to the section labeled "The Dynamic Shifting of Tensions in the Dura Mater", you will see a good illustration and explanation of the tentorium cerebelli and the falx cerebri.

http://www.osteodoc.com/sutherland.htm

Great model showing everything but the tentorium cerebelli:

http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f15-4_cranial_meninges_c.jpg

Sheep Brain Dissection:

Cerebrum, cerebral hemispheres (left and right), cerebellum, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, olfactory bulbs, olfactory tracts, longitudinal fissure, optic tracts, optic chiasma, lateral ventricles, third ventricle, fourth ventricle, corpus callosum, thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal body

http://www.hometrainingtools.com/article.asp?ai=1316&bhcd2=1256927391

Really good quiz to test your knowledge:

http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/brain/brshpx.htm
http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/brain/brshpx2.htm
http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/brain/brnshp5.htm

Brain Slides:

Pyramidal cells(from cerebrum) Purkinje cells (from cerebellum)

Pyramidal Cells:

http://neuromedia.neurobio.ucla.edu/campbell/nervous/wp_images%5C198_pyramidal_cells.gif

Purkinje Cells:

http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab9/IMAGES/PURKINJE%20LAYER%20COMPOSITE.jpg

Human Eye Model:

Lacrimal gland, lacrimal puncta, conjunctiva (palpebral and ocular), conjunctival sac, extrinsic eye muscles (superior oblique,inferior oblique, superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, and lateral rectus), palpebrae, palpebral fissue, medial and lateral canthi, levator palpebrae superioris, eyelids, eyelashes, sclera, cornea, scleral venous sinus, choroid, iris, pupil, ciliary body, ciliary muscles, ciliary processes, suspensory ligaments, lens, ora serrata, macula lutea, retina, optic disc, fovea centralis, vitreous humor, aqueous humor, anterior chamber, posterior chamber

http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/47/63347-004-610F94B5.gif

http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/30/91430-004-828719A3.jpg

Cow Eye Dissection:

Sclera, cornea, choroid, ciliary body, aqueous humor, vitreous humor, iris, pupil, optic nerve, lens, retina, & optic disc

http://district.bluegrass.kctcs.edu/rmccane0001/shared_files/bio137website/BIO137/137Lab10/Lab10CowEyeLabeled.html

Retina Slide:

Ganglion cell layer, bipolar cell layer, rods, cones, and pigmented layer

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMXEB_lH2oWP9sYDiapNviAtCARoO2mtnmWJ7IhTQa6wXqccTUMzuSnmi8wAELJK9ct_dew9g7_wb9UfeaQpeAXoO4elzBICg2Dpcr0XxH3cDjDJ-SuGm_cB7WGzqtdm1L6XR8TKcPkKXu/s1600-h/100_1965.jpg

Human Ear Model:

Outer ear, pinna, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane, middle ear, malleus, incus, stapes, eustachian tube, round window, oval window, inner ear, cochlea, cochlear duct, organ of Corti (basilar membrane, tectorial membrane, and hair cells), vestibule, vestibulocochlear nerve (including vestibular branch and cochlear branch), semicircular canals, semicircular ducts with ampulla, utricle, and saccule

http://www.infj.ulst.ac.uk/~pnic/HumanEar/Andy

http://mail.pittsfield.net/teachersites/Whelihan_Kathleen/0147FF93-000F6E5A.2/The-Human-Ear.gif

http://www.seanpalaciosmd.com/Vertigo.html

Cochlear Cross-Section Model:

Scala vestibule, vestibular membrane, cochlear duct, organ of Corti, tectorial membrane, basilar membrane, scala tympani, endolymph, perilymph, spiral lamina, and spiral ganglion

http://www.hearingcentral.com/images/inner_ear.gif

http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/01/14301-004-4B6F34DA.gif

http://www.oto-hns.northwestern.edu/Auditory%20Research%20Laboratory/tutorials.html


Cochlear Slide:

Scala vestibule, vestibular membrane, cochlear duct, basilar membrane, scala tympani, and organ of Corti

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Labs/Anatomy_&_Physiology/A&P202/Special_Senses/Ear/cochlea_loop_P2171519labeled.jpg

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMun2fzlRyu-9J4oNsHYjhgvwha2-dsWiCVQTYAtuncatra2V4CkYFR_A3wYQ8mRmH8KSJURpiusGsqqFUdsiIXs8uYSkbUWb-6xUaM4imBbv9WJQDgldZ711gxUWqvc0ROosTaYDMwfeR/s1600-h/100_1961.jpg

Olfactory Epithelium Slide:

Olfactory cells and Cilia

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio4tgSUNNXAgaD37FofvldovpdCM16xoCgXkfWJZg_KqK1JxzEct7gM2euf2MyLrsR_nBF9evvvWJP49cYK0Sq2Y3zX_ek97J38Mak9ruvXHOa3SwuecIVwwA18BR6UGoQE7nf6mq0D4_q/s1600-h/100_1962.jpg


Tongue Slide:

Papillae and Taste buds

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXDg0xB_Wh2nazE-pvfTJD5qCx4TZJksAwRL0Nj2WPctIbChJ71tApg1nXqcCSNk1nQY1SMzBv5WK7HcbSwtiY7gkZuVHombAedR2cILveJgIzE8jRZJDYuPDjKihLeghOqUm5femcJxEV/s1600-h/100_1963.jpg

Endocrine System Lab:

Full Endocrine System Model (minus the subsections):

Hypothalamus, pituitary (adenohypophysis and neurophypophysis), thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, pancreas, adrenal gland (adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla), ovaries, testes, and pineal gland

Scroll down a bit on the page to the endocrine system portion...


http://district.bluegrass.kctcs.edu/rmccane0001/shared_files/bio137website/BIO137/137Lab1/Lab1Organs.html


pituitary slide showing adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis:


http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/erg/enguide.htm#pituit


adrenal gland with information on adrenal cortex, adrenal medula, and the various regions of cell histology:

Sweet little point and click web app that shows the adrenal glad, it's gross anatomy, and histology from Boston University:


http://www.bu.edu/histology/p/14501ooa.htm


Endocrine System Slides:

Pituitary slide:
Identify the following histological features of the pituitary:
Adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis

Thyroid slide:
Identify the following histological features of the thyroid:
Follicles, follicular cells, thyroglobulin, and parafollicular cells

Parathyroid slide:
Identify the following histological features of the parathyroid:
Chief cells

Adrenal gland slide:
Using a slide of the human adrenal gland, be able to distinguish between the following:
Adrenal cortex, zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculate, zona reticularis, adrenal medulla, chromaffin cells

Pancreas slide:
Using a slide of the human pancreas, be able to identify the Islets of Langerhans

For all slides (with the exception of the Parathyroid slide) check here:

http://district.bluegrass.kctcs.edu/shirley.whitescarver/BIO139Lab/BIO139/139Lab12/Lab12EndocrineSlides.html

For Parathyroid, check here:

http://instruction.cvhs.okstate.edu/histology/histologyreference/hrendo.htm

A Fun Pancreas Point and Click Web App from Boston University:

http://www.bu.edu/histology/p/10403ooa.htm

About Half Way Through the Answer Key for Bones

I am running on vapors, y'all... I need a good night's sleep, so I'm calling it a night. I'm about half way through the key, and I'll be able to finish when I get a bit of free time during the day tomorrow. As soon as I've got it all written out, I'll post the answers at the bottom of the original bones post like I did with muscles. Also, assuming I've made some good progress on everything else, I'll try to post one for the integumentary system tomorrow. If I am not far enough, then I may be taking a quick glance over it before the practical, and then relying on whatever I had crammed into my little brain before the last exam. Don't forget... C.ool L.adies G.row S.tuff B.ig!

Catch ya on the flip side!! :)

Slowly Finishing Muscles...

So...I'll continue to post the muscles as I find them. There were a handful that were not in the text book's atlas, so I resorted to scanning and altering some flashcards to make sure I could get everything. I'll continue to add to this post as I finish them. These are not all inclusive for each body part, but were the ones I could not find, plus some stragglers. More to come...

Head:



Internal Pectoral -Thoracic - Abdominal - Pelvic:



Posterior Leg:



Anterior Leg:



Updated Diagrams:

Anterior/Posterior Pectoral:



Anterior Abdomen:



Upper Arm Muscles:



Posterior Lumbar Region:



Upper Leg Muscles:

Side note...I gave this poor guy some "privacy" since he was noble enough to donate his body to science, and the area needing privacy wasn't needed for this review. I figured I'd spare him from being on the internet...not that he would know...or that anyone would recognize him...or maybe they would...ewww...anyway...on with the diagram:



Lower Leg Muscles:



Alrighty... I'm working on answer keys now. I'll have done by the time I go to bed tonight so that all we should have to do is quiz ourselves like maniacs tomorrow and Friday. I'll check back in with y'all then! :)

Muscles Answer Key:

Head:
1. Frontalis
2. Temporalis
3. Zygomaticus Major
4. Masseter
5. Sternocleidmastoid
6. Orbicularis Oris
7. Orbicularis Oculi
8. Galea Apopneurotica

Internal Pectoral Thorasic Abdominal Pelvic
1. External Intercostals
2. Diaphram
3. Illiacus
4. Psoas Major
5. Transverse Abdominals

Posterior Leg
1. Gracillis
2. Adductor Magnus
3. Semimembranosus
4. Soleus
5. Gluteus Minimus

Anterior Leg
1. pectineus
2. vastus lateralis
3. vastus intermedius
4. illiotibial tract
5. peroneus longus
6. tibialis anterior
7. sartorius
8. adductor longus (cut)
9. adductor longus (cut)
10. adductor magnus
11. rectus femoris

Anterior Posterior Pectoral
1. Rhomboideus
2. Deltoid
3. Latissimus Dorsi
4. Trapezius
5. Deltoid
6. Pectoralis Minor
7. Internal Intercostals
8. Pectoralis Major
9. Seratus Anterior

Anterior Abdomen:
1. External Oblique
2. External Oblique
3. Internal Oblique
4. Transverse Abdominis
5. Recuts Abdominis
6. Linea Alba

Upper Arm Muscles:
1. Deltoid
2. Triceps brachii (long head)
3. Triceps brachii (lateral head)
4. Biceps brachii
5. Brachialis
6. Brachioradialis (cut)
7. Deltoid
8. Triceps Muscle (lateral head)
9. Triceps Muscle (long head)
10. triceps Muscle (medial head)

Posterior Lumbar Region:
1. Erector Spinae
2. Gluteus Medius
3. Gluteus Maximus
4. Latissimus Dorsi
5. External Oblique

Upper Leg Muscles:
1. Gracillis
2. Vastus Medialis
3. Tesor fasciae latae
4. Sartorius
5. Illiotibial Tract
6. Adductus Longus
7. Rectus Femoralis
8. Vastus Lateralis
9. Adductor Magnus
10. Gracillis
11. Gastrocnemius
12. Gluteus Maximus
13. Illiotibial Tract
14. Biceps Femoralis
15. Semitentinosus
16. Semimembranosus

Lower Leg Muscles:
1. Gastrocnemius
2. Soleus
3. Calcaneal Tendon (Achilles Tendon)
4. Tibialus Anterior
5. Gastrocnemius
6. Soleus

Holy Cow...Here's What the Skeletal Section of Our Second Practical Could Ask...

Name that Joint:

And How Well Do You Know Your Knee?



A Little Bone Histology:



The Typical Long Bone:



Fetal Skull and Fontanels:




Foot:



Lower Leg:



Knee:



Upper Leg:



Pelvic Girdle:

Anterior:



Posterior:




Hand:




Forearm:



Upper Arm:



Pectoral Girdle:

Shoulder Blade:



Collar Bone:



Thoracic Cage:

Breast Bone:



The Posterior Thorax!



A Rib!



Your Spine...in a Whole Bunch of Pieces.



And more pieces:



And more:



And more!



and the last pieces:



Your head is kind of a big deal...so big, in fact, it needs more pics than anything else!!

Number 1:



Number 2:



Number 3:



Number 4:



Number 5:




And there you have it... everything you need for the skeletal system portion, and nothing you don't! I'll work on posting the answer key for each during the day tomorrow.

If you think your brain is now sloshing around in your head after that, don't worry...I can assure you that your crista galli is holding it in place.


*UPDATE*

Answer Key Now Posted:

Name that Joint:
1. suture
2. syndesmosis
3. gomphoses
4. symphysis
5. synovial

How Well Do You Know Your Knee:
1. Femur
2. Articular Capsule
3. Posterior Cruciate Ligament
4. lateral miniscus
5. anterior cruciate ligament
6. tibia
7. tendon of the quadraceps femoris
8. suprapatellar bursa
9. patella
10. subcutaneus prepatellar bursa
11. synovial cavity
12. lateral maniscus
13. infrapatellar fat pad
14. Deep infrapatellar bursa
15. patellar ligament
16. Anterior Cruciate Ligament
17. Articular Cartilage on medial tibial condyle
18. medial maniscus
19. Posterior cruciate ligament
20. articular cartilage on lateral tibial condyle
21. lateral maniscus

A Little Bone Histology:
1. lamellae
2. osteon
3. central canal
4. osteocytes in lacunae
5. canaliculi
6. red bone marrow
7. trabecula
8. osteocytes within lacunae
9. osteoblasts
10 osteoclasts

Typical Structure of a Long Bone:
1. proximal epiphysis
2. spongy bone
3. articular cartilage
4. epiphyseal plates
5. periosteum
6. compact bone
7. medullary cavity
8. diaphysis
9. distal epiphysis
10. spongy bone
11. compact bone
12. articular cartilage
13. endosteum
14. yellow bone marrow
15. compact bone
16. periosteum
17. Sharpey's Fibers
18. nutrient arteries

Fetal Skull:
1. Parietal Bone
2. Sphenoidal Fontanelle
3. Maxilla
4. Mandible
5. Frontal Bone
6. Frontal Suture
7. Anterior Fontanelle
8. Anterior Fontanelle
9. Frontal Bone
10. Sphenoidal Fontanelle
11. Temporal Bone
12. Mastoid Bone
13. occipital Bone
14. Parietal Bone

Foot:
1. phalanges
2. metatarsals
3. tarsals
4. talus
5. calcaneus
6. calcaneus
7. talus
8. tarsals
9. metatarsals
10. phalanges


Lower Leg:
1. lateral condyle of the tibia
2. medial condyle of the tibia
3. tibial tuberosity
4. fibula
5. tibia
6. medial condyle of the tibia
7. tibia
8. lateral condyle of the tibia
9. head of fibula
10. fibula

Knee:
1. patella
2. base
3. apex

Upper Leg:
1. neck
2. head
3. greater trochanter
4. lesser trochanter
5. femur
6. laterial epicondyle
7. lateral condyle
8. medial epicondyle
9. medial condyle
10. head
11. neck
12. lesser trochanter
13. medial epicondyle
14. medial condyle
15. lateral condyle
16. lateral epicondyle
17. greater trochanter

Pelvic Girdle - Anterior:
1. sacrum
2. anterior superior illiac spine
3. illium
4. anterior inferior illiac spine
5. coxal bone
6. pubic bone
7. ischium
8. superior ramus of pubis
9. inferior ramus of pubis
10. pubic symphysis
11. obturator foramen
12. acetabulum
13. -
14. illiac fossa
15. illiac crest

Pelvic Gridle - Posterior:
1. posterior illiac spine
2. illiac crest
3. illium
4. sacrum
5. greater sciatic notch
6. lesser sciatic notch
7. coxal bone
8. pubic bone
9. ischium
10. cocyx
11. ischial spine
12. ischium
13. obturator foramen
14. ischial tuberosity

Hand:
1. phalanges
2. metacarpals
3. carpals


Forearm:
1.coronoid process
2. head of the radius
3. neck of radius
4. radial tuberosity
5. radius
6. ulnar notch of radius
7. styloid process of radius
8. head of ulna
9. ulna
10. radial notch of ulna
11. trochlear notch
12. olecranon process
13. ulna
14. ulnar notch
15. head of ulna
16. styloid process of ulna
17. styloid process of radius
18. radius
19. neck of radius
20. head of radius
21. humerous
22. head of radius
23. radial tuberosity
24. radius
25. ulna
26. radial notch
27. coronoid process of ulna
28. trochlea
29. medial epicondyle
30. humerous
31. olecranon process
32. medial condyle
33. ulna
34. radius
35. head of radius
36. trochlea of humerous
37. lateral epicondyle
38. olecranon fossa


Upper Arm:
1. Greater Tubercle
2. Lesser Tubercle
3. head
4. anatomical neck
5. surgical neck
6. deltoid tuberosity
7. Shaft / Body
8. Radial Fossa
9. Lateral Condyle
10. Coronoid Fossa
11. Medial Epicondyle
12. Capitulum
13. Trochlea
14. Condyle
15. Head
16. Anatomical Neck
17. Surgical Neck
18. Deltoid Tuberosity
19. Olecranon Fossa
20. Lateral Epicondyle
21. Medial Epicondyle
22. Trochlea


Shoulder Blade:
1. acromion
2. coronoid process
3. Glenoid Cavity
4. subscapular fossa
5. lateral border
6. medial border
7. scapula
8. medial border
9. lateral border
10. infraspinous fossa
11. spine of scapula
12. acromion
13. coronoid process
14. supraspinous fossa


Collar Bone:
1. supraspinous fossa
2. acromion
3. spine of scapula
4. infraspinous fossa
5. coronoid process
6. glenoid cavity
7. subscapular fossa
8. acromial end (lateral)
9. sternal end (medial)
10. spine of scapula
11. actomial end of clavicle
12. acromion
13. supraspinous fossa
14. coronoid process
15. sternal end of clavicle (medial)
16. sternal end (medial)
17. acromial end (lateral)
18. clavicle
19. scapula
20 clavicle

Breast Bone
1. clavicular notch
2. manubrium
3. body
4. xiphoid process
5. xiphoid process
6. body
7. manubrium
8. clavicular notch
9. jugular notch
10. sternum

Posterior Thorax:
1. true ribs
2. false ribs
3. floating ribs
4. costal cartilage
5. xiphoid process
6. sternum body
7. manubrium
8. sternum
9. clavicle
10. clavicular notch
11. jugular notch

A Rib:
1. spinous process
2. costal facet
3. transverse process
4. body of thoracic vertebrae
5. head of rib
6. neck of rib
7. tubercle of rib
8. shaft
9. tubercle of rib
10. neck of rib
11. neck of rib
12. shaft of rib
13. body of vertebra
14. head of rib
15. neck of rib
16. shaft of rib
17. superior costal facet
18. transverse costal facet
19. tubercle of rib

Your Spine...in a whole bunch of pieces:
1. spinous process
2. transverse process
3. intervertebral disc
4. intervertebral foramen
5. axis
6. cervical discs
7. thoracic discs
8. lumbar discs
9. sacrum
1o. cocyx

And More Pieces:
1. Transverse Foramen
2. Atlas

And more:
1. vertebral foramen
2. body
3. body
4. transverse foramen
5. axis
6. axis
7. axis
8. atlas


And more! :
1.thoracis vertebrae
2 superior. transverse costal facet for tubercle of rib
2 inferior. superior and inferior facet for head of ribs
3. superior costal facet (head of rib)
4. transverse costal facet (tubercle of rib)


And the last pieces:
1. lumbar vertebrae
2. scarum
3. cocyx
4. intervertebral discs
5. intervertebral foramen
6. superior articular process
7. transverse process
8. vertebral body
9. inferior articular process
10. spinous process
11. vertebral arch
12. vertebral foramen


Head #1:
1. frontal bone
2. occular margin
3. parietal bone
4. temporal bone
5. mastoid process
6. sphenoid bone
7. occular foramen
8. lacrimal bone
9. coronoid suture
10. maxilla
11. inferior nasal concha
12. nasal bone
13. vomer bone
14. mandible
15. mental process
16. zygomatic bone
17a. medial nasal concha
17b. ethmoid bone / perpendicular plate


Head #2:
1. coronal suture
2. frontal bone
3. sphenoid bone (greater wing)
4. ethmoid bone
5. lacrimal bone
6. nasal bone
7. lacrimal fossa
8. zygomatic bone
9. maxilla
10. temporal zygomatic process
11. mental foramen
12. mandible
13. mandibular notch
14. mandibular ramus
15. mandibular condyle
16. styloid process
17. mastoid process
18. external auditory meatus
19. occipital bone
20. lambdoid suture
21. squamous suture
22. temporal bone
23. parietal bone


Head #3:
1a. maxilla (palatine process)
1b. palatine bone
2. zygomatic bone
3. zygomatic process (temporal)
4. vomer bone
5 -
6. styloid process
7. mastoid process
8. foramen magnum
9. occipital condyles
10. jugular foramen
11. sphenoid bone (greater wing)
12. maxilla


Head #4:
1. frontal sinus
2. frontal bone
3. olfactory formina
4. zygomatic arch
5a. sphenoid bone - lesser wing
5b. sphenoid bone - greater wing
6. sella turcica (ethmoid bone)
7. parietal bone
8. occipital bone
9. foramen magnum
10. jugular foramen
11. internal acoustic meatus
12. optic canal
13a. crista galli (ethmoid bone)
13b. cribiform plate (ethmoid bone)


Head #5:
1. parietal bone
2. squamous suture
3. temporal bone
4. lambdoid suture
5. occipital bone
6. internal acoustic meatus
7. sella turcica
8. mandibular foramen
9. palatine bone
10. mandible
11. maxilla
12. vomer bone
13. ethmoid bone
14. sphenoid bone
15. nasal bone
16. crista galli
17. frontal sinus
18. sphenoid bone (greater wing)
19. frontal bone
20. coronal suture